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My family have got the farming bug. Ever since we brought some chickens last year, we have slowly acquired more animals. The most recent addition to our menagerie of animals was a little billy goat called Hayden. Hayden from the start was a handful: his first night he orchestrated a great escape of all the animals, in which he and the pigs escaped. Hayden, we have concluded now, is sexually ambigious.

We discovered this a few weeks ago when the missionaries came over for dinner and we were all outside having a BBQ. Just as the burgers were being served we hear the pigs squealing. We all looked over to see the goat trying to have sex with the two male pigs. In this one act our goat was blurring all forms of sexuality. Since that day the goat has been very sexually active and is often seen attempting to mate with the pigs. This scene happens regularly but we feel no need to censor or make them look away from it. This made me wonder: why was it acceptable for us to see homosexual trans-species sex but unacceptable for us to look at a naked human or human sex? Why was there such a stigma attached to the human body and its expression of sexuality that animals are immune to?

This raised the question in my mind of the discourse of sexuality and pornography within the church. I have yet to watch a General Conference in which pornography has not been mentioned in some way. We are repeatedly told that it is a moral ill that will destroy society. That the rampant sexuality that pervades the modern media will destroy society. This is the story that is told through the church media and pulpit. For most of my life this is the way in which I have conceptualised pornography. However, recently my supervisor had me read a book called the Invention of Pornography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Reading this made me reevaluate completely how I understood pornography and see aspects of it I had not seen before.

Pornography started as vehicle for freethinkers and radicals.

Modern pornography is usually the graphic representation of male sexual fantasies watched (we are told) by adolescent boys and lust-filled men. The assumption we make is that this is the way pornography always has been. Whilst, certainly, this is a demographic of pornography viewers, the truth is far more nuanced when a historical perspective is considered. Pornography has never simply been a tale about lust and sexual fantasy, and by looking at pornography historically we can see the other dimensions of it that are still found within modern pornography, even if these elements are diluted and overlooked.

When pornography (I use this term even if it is anachronistic) first started to appear, it was classed the same as radical religious texts. Pornography as a form of literature was not distinct from heretical texts, politically subversive texts or philosophical radicalism. In fact often they were merged all together. Pornography was a vehicle in which people could conceal their radical philosophical and theological ideas within the text. Seventeenth century pornography was embedded in social and political meanings.

Pornography is always subversive to some extent.

Initially its aim was to criticise religious and political authorities through the shock of sex. It was a means to disrupt society and the conventions of decency whilst also undermining the forces that sought to regulate and control it. Even today the shock of sex and the acts of sex are used to subvert social conventions. The fantasy scenarios that are depicted subvert the authority of the figures depicted. This is why women are always authority figures (policewomen, nurses, teachers, etc) within it, as they provide a means of subverting the figure of authority through depicting authority as naked and exposed as part of an sexual act.

Pornography is a form of escapism

The history of pornography tells us a tale by which the pornographic literature was a means through which free thinkers could escape from the censorship and control of society. It was a space in which they could explore and push the boundaries of social norms. Controversial ideas could be voiced in the dialogue between the conversations between the sexual partners. New medical developments and new conceptualisations of the body would feature within the books as the writers of pornography used new medical theories to explain sexual pleasure and reproduction. These were ideas that traditional printers under control of censorship and social conventions rejected as too radical, but through the underground pornographic literature could be shared. Pornography was a medium through which frustrated freethinkers were able to vent their outrage about the ills of society and publicise new ideas.

Modern Pornography and the Church

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How does this relate the church discourse of pornography? Something that is always missed out in the accounts we hear is why people turn to it. The general answer is that it’s overly lustful men, dirty perverts, or people who have stumbled upon a sexual act in a film that pollutes their mind and that they have become addicted to. The narratives that guide both the counsel given by leaders and the stories of the descent into pornography all follow the same template: the forbidden fruit template. A fruit that once taken consumes them as they become addicted to it. This is a template that is used in all sorts of church contexts from the word of wisdom to adultery, it can also take the form of the slippery slope metaphor. A person looks accidently and then they are caught in the vicious grip of pornography. The problem I have with the stories we get told is that I don’t believe them. From my own experience it does not appear that this is the case and life is never that simple. The stories that are told in the Ensign are based on personal experience that is interpreted through a framework in which a slippery slope or a forbidden fruit helps to make sense of their usage of pornography.

Something that has always stuck out to me is the discrepency between the church rhetoric and my experience. Talks in General Conference give the impression that we are plagued by pornography and that it is threatening to overtake us. The prevelence of the talks would also suggest it is a massive problem, along with the often cited evidence of Utah porn subscribers. Yet, in the UK, it just doesn’t seem to be a problem of the same magnitude as it is made to appear in General Conference. Yes, there are cases of people who have had problems. In my friendship circles there is an generally open discourse about pornography and whilst most admit to having seen it at some point in their lives (some more then others), it does not appear to be an epidemic problem within the membership in the UK. Yes, this based on anecdotal evidence and it could be that in public (as to what extent can you trust what others tell you?) all is well while really underneath the surface there is a massive pornographic underground, but I genuinely don’t think that it is the case.

But this does raise a question. Why is pornography such a big problem in Utah? Now, without extensive quantitative research it is impossible to answer this fully. Yet, I think a consideration of some aspects from the history of pornography may provide some light as to what possible answers to it may be.

Frustration with the current system

People used pornography as a way of expressing frustration with religious authorities. It was an underground form of sticking their fingers up at the priests, leaders and politicians who governed their lives. So whilst the church in the seventeenth century regulated every aspect of people’s lives, the realm of pornography provided a space in which they could escape from priestly dictatorships and criticise those very figures. It presented priests and political figures in lewd acts. It inverted the powers structures of society as the priests and politicians were humiliated through their exposure in perverted sexual acts.

It can not be denied that the church today can give the impression of trying to regulate our lives to a high degree. It has prescriptions for how we should act, think, be, do. How we should organise our lives, our relationships, our friends, and even how we should socialise. This is not always a bad thing. But it was this feeling of being controlled in every facet of their lives and a frustration with the existing system that caused the seventeenth century pornographers to start to write pornography. I can’t help but think that there is a correlation between the two. Today in a culture where the church regulates and can be seen to (even if this is more perceived then a reality) control lives (particularly in a state where the church seems to pervade all of society, such as in Utah) pornography once again becomes a means to kick against the perceived control by the church over our lives. For a person frustrated with life and the lack of personal control they seem to have over it because they act out of obligation to the church, rather then for themselves, pornography can once again become a means of secret subversion. The watching of pornography provides an avenue in which they can escape the feeling of being controlled and see the world turned upside down.

Pornography was always good for subversion as it was always secret. It was  safe way to rebel against the system as it was done behind closed doors – no one would know of your rebellion. For modern members it can have this same effect; it’s a way of secret rebellion instead of public disobedience. For failure to follow every aspect that the church teaches (at least the ones that people can see) is often taken as a sign of unfaithfulness, so public disobedience carries a social stigma that is avoided when the rebellion occurs in a hidden corner of our lives. It is thus still maintaining its subversive elements as people can kick against the system secretly.

Escapism

The fact that it is done in secret also helps it to be a space of escape. Priesthood holders are forever being given endless lists of things that need to be improved, but having so much to do can lead to feelings of never being good enough. In a perverse way pornography becomes an antidote to such feelings because it can foster a feeling of moral superiority (along with the feelings of lust) that can eclipse and mask the feelings of guilt. It provides a fantasy world in which the world is inverted and social rules and conduct are violated and in a highly controlled world the lawless world of pornography becomes a means of escape.

Friedrich Nietzsche spoke about the different ways morality can be constructed. One way in which we establish moral superiority is through a perception of distance between ourselves and others. When we see something that we label evil and wrong and are able to see that we do not have this behaviour, we perceive ourselves as good. This absence of wrong behaviour gives us a feeling of moral superiority. So whilst watching pornography can induce guilt it also helps create a feeling of moral superiority (even if it is artificial) by constructing a distance between participants and observer. The irony is that the church in inducing extra guilt by stigmatising and focusing on pornography, causes them to return to it to try and escape it.

Because pornography is not a physical act in which one participates but a gaze in which one observes a sexual act it contributes to the dynamics of creating a moral superiority. The person who watches it becomes superior to the people they watch because they (the viewer) are not actually fornicating physically. And in the heirarchy of sin participating physically in a violation of the law of chastity is far far worse then watching someone else violate it. Whilst watching a sexual act, and even masturbating whilst watching it, is seen as bad, it is not bad to the same degree as if they actually had sex. When you are surrounded by members of the church it is difficult to perceive a moral distance whereas pornography gives an insight into a world that can help to give this perverse feeling of moral superiority.

These are some dimensions that I think are missed from the discourse on pornography that I think a historical perspective on pornography would suggest contribute to why pornography is used. Obviously there are more, and the church covers some of these, and it would be overly simplistic to say that these are found in all cases. I am simply suggesting that these factors may contribute to it. By no means are they the only, or even are they aspects that might be found in all cases, it may be that they have no impact for most people on why they turn to pornography, but I think they are important parts that should be considered as part of the framework we use to understand pornography within the church today.

What do you think?

Why does the church have such a stigma about sexuality and the depiction’s of it?

What do you think are the underlying reasons that drive people to watch/view/read pornography?

Does the churches focus on pornography contribute to adding more stigma to sexuality?

Why do leaders constantly talk about pornography in General Conference?